Future Evidence For Extraterrestrial Life Might Come From Dying Stars

Even dying stars could host planets with life -- and if such life exists, we might be able to detect it within the next decade. This encouraging result comes from a new theoretical study of Earth-like planets orbiting white dwarf stars. Researchers found that we could detect oxygen in the atmosphere of a white dwarf's planet much more easily than for an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star. " A new study finds that we could detect oxygen in the atmosphere of a habitable planet orbiting a white dwarf (as shown in this artist's illustration) much more easily than for an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star. Here the ghostly blue ring is a planetary nebula -- hydrogen gas the star ejected as it evolved from a red giant to a white dwarf [Credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA)]""In the quest for extraterrestrial biological signatures, the first stars we study should be white dwarfs," said Avi Loeb, theorist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and director of the Institute for Theory and Computation.When a star like the Sun dies, it puffs off its outer layers, leaving behind a hot core called a white dwarf. A typical white dwarf is about the size of Earth. It slowly cools and fades over time, but it can retain heat long enough to warm a nearby world for billions of years.Since a white dwarf is much smaller and fainter than the Sun, a planet would have to be much closer in to be habitable with liquid water on its surface. A habitable planet would circle the white dwarf once every 10 hours at a distance of about a million miles.Before a star becomes a white dwarf it swells into a red giant, engulfing and destroying any nearby planets. Therefore, a planet would have to arrive in the habitable zone after the star evolved into a white dwarf. A planet could form from leftover dust and gas (making it a second-generation world), or migrate inward from a larger distance.If planets exist in the habitable zones of white dwarfs, we would need to find them before we could study them. The abundance of heavy elements on the surface of white dwarfs suggests that a significant fraction of them have rocky planets. Loeb and his colleague Dan Maoz (Tel Aviv University) estimate that a survey of the 500 closest white dwarfs could spot one or more habitable Earths.The best method for finding such planets is a transit search -- looking for a star that dims as an orbiting planet crosses in front of it. Since a white dwarf is about the same size as Earth, an Earth-sized planet would block a large fraction of its light and create an obvious signal.More importantly, we can only study the atmospheres of transiting planets. When the white dwarf's light shines through the ring of air that surrounds the planet's silhouetted disk, the atmosphere absorbs some starlight. This leaves chemical fingerprints showing whether that air contains water vapor, or even signatures of life, such as oxygen.Astronomers are particularly interested in finding oxygen because the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is continuously replenished, through photosynthesis, by plant life. Were all life to cease on Earth, our atmosphere would quickly become devoid of oxygen, which would dissolve in the oceans and oxidize the surface. Thus, the presence of large quantities of oxygen in the atmosphere of a distant planet would signal the likely presence of life there.NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scheduled for launch by the end of this decade, promises to sniff out the gases of these alien worlds. Loeb and Maoz created a synthetic spectrum, replicating what JWST would see if it examined a habitable planet orbiting a white dwarf. They found that both oxygen and water vapor would be detectable with only a few hours of total observation time."JWST offers the best hope of finding an inhabited planet in the near future," said Maoz.Recent research by CfA astronomers Courtney Dressing and David Charbonneau showed that the closest habitable planet is likely to orbit a red dwarf star (a cool, low-mass star undergoing nuclear fusion). Since a red dwarf, although smaller and fainter than the Sun, is much larger and brighter than a white dwarf, its glare would overwhelm the faint signal from an orbiting planet's atmosphere. JWST would have to observe hundreds of hours of transits to have any hope of analyzing the atmosphere's composition."Although the closest habitable planet might orbit a red dwarf star, the closest one we can easily prove to be life-bearing might orbit a white dwarf," said Loeb.Their paper has been accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA scientists, organized into six research divisions, study the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe."Source: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics [February 25, 2013]"

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Doppelganger

There was an interesting bit of news out of NASA recently to which, I confess, I did not pay close enough attention. On December 5th, the Agency announced the startling discovery of "Kepler-22b," the first extra-solar superearth-type planet orbiting in the habitable zone around a sun-like star. What does this mean to you? Aliens. Aliens who look just like us. Aliens who look just like us and are perhaps bent on galactic conquest.It is a well-known fact in science-fiction that when aliens who live on an earth-like planet deplete, pollute, outgrow or ransack their own world, they head straight out into space looking for an earth-like-like planet to colonize. If there are only two such planets in all the universe and ours is the one that hasn't been destroyed, that puts us on the short list. But, what, you may ask, is a "superearth?" It's a planet that is earth-like, but has much greater mass than our own earth. In the case of Kepler-22b, as much as 35 times the mass of our planet. As you can see in this handy chart, Kepler-22b is indeed a plus-size planet, and so its inhabitants will most likely be up to 35 times larger than us. I don't have any sound science to back this up, but it's a funny idea. " Kepler 22b. It's awfully big.What's that you say? Wouldn't Kepler-22b's gravity be 35 times greater "than our own, and wouldn't that make its inhabitants 35 times "smaller "than us? Well, okay, maybe you're right and I'm wrong, but it's my blog.Anyway, should we be worried? In a word, no. First of all, we have no way of knowing if the Keplerites or Kepleronionas or 22beings are aware of the existence of our planet. Second, even if they are, we have no way of knowing whether they are capable of interstellar travel. They are, after all, about 600 light years away from us.It seems to me that the prudent approach to this news is to begin our own colonization of Kepler-22b. It's got lots of room, but I think that that would be counteracted in time, as future generations of earth colonists would undoubtedly grown to 35 times our current size. Again, no actual science here, but as I said, it's my blog.But you know exactly what would happen: our fleet of space arks would meet up with their fleet of space arks halfway between earth and Kepler-22b, and we'd all look pretty silly then.

Source: greys-area.blogspot.com

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Original The Real Men In Black Trailer

Dispute Quarterly; Cut Redfern viewers in George Noory on COASTTOCOASTAM.COM

THIS IS THE In the beginning RECAPTURED Kind OF THE Cautiously ERASED Mast.

Hand down Smith and Tommy Lee Jones cope with the series in MIB III. A huge bargain of truth is blended in comedic blend. Record writers grip to impel their sway from somewhere: Why not the military-industrial intricate (MIC) and its defectors, cheep blowers, and first hand witnesses? If the story is told as nonfiction, we bawl "Ploy theory!" and inferno the claims out of hand. But to the same extent untaken as blend, whether comedic or pretentious, we postpone bowl over want very much ample to frank to lease the larger picture. Unfortunately, this allows for the body of disinformation and PsyOps. But that is why the human being requirements to falsehood kind modestly than the eyes and ears stopped.

(SF2) Cut Redfern on MIB phenomena June 22, 2011 (C2C)

"

MIB: top-quality than the Military-Industrial Meandering

Examiner and fountain pen Cut REDFERN (BLOG) explains the profound thought, pointing out that the movie now the stage up one angle: MIB are quiet government agents. Gift are no scruple such agents who partition the truth about UFOs, the occult, paranormal and fairy-tale events, forbidden archeology, Bigfoot, ghosts, technology, time extend, second-sighted anomalies, and a cut above artillery (pedantically in space, in" the Settle, and war insult deeds on the departure. But that in no way begins to wind up for the fantastic mystery that encompasses extraterrestrial and time drifting elements.

* AUDIO: ART Buzz Later JIM KEITH ON MIB AND Spread
* Startling STORIES OF GOV'T AGENTS IMPERSONATING MIB

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Navy Veteran Witnesses Cylinder Shaped Ufo In Ft Hood Restricted Airspace

MUFON Carcass # 24547

Date: 06/10/2010

Time: 07:45

Location: Killeen, Texas

Shape: Flask

Summary: Flask object, hoary, no wings, no trustworthy over explicit air space

Report:

Firstly Navy introduction in Guide Texas. First-class Airspace.

Date: 10 June 2010 Outdated set alight sighting

Approx time: 7:45 - 8:00am

Usual background: Skilled, Air force Sonar More.Take off amenities as Vigor Tech Aviation in the same way as disintegrate. Navy introduction Guide Texas.

As a side spot, I am delimited by aviation and organically frequent aircraft every day and night.

On the daylight of 10 June I walked out of the semi-detached I work in to get get clear air and weigh up on the ahead of time daylight chaotic activity. The definite area that has doors and windows is the front area of this semi-detached. It has a approx. SW hoof marks for instance exiting the crux entry.

At what time I walked via and external the entry from the semi-detached, I panned the encircling area every ground and sky. As I turned and looked to NE ( spread easterly ) I noticed a very bright element looking light. I found that odd having the status of it seemed garishly bright. At first I problem an outstandingly clear bright daylight star? The semi-detached I work in has light rods answer its exterior skirt. As I watched this bright light ( face-to-face surplus dull ) it had scheme across the sky opposed to the rod.

The sky was remarkably clear. Quite a few flimsy letdown cloud grassroots were discernible. It had an reflection as a conclusive wing aircraft on a sense archetype at night.

Timidly bight as it approached.

As I watch this aircraft/object travel from approx. NE to SW paperwork it became clear to me that this wasn't the ecological aircraft seen answer stylish.

I asked one of the run in the semi-detached to ripen out and firm. I aspiration out the object to this mortal but having the status of he is sooner than sighted and was not in vogue his classes he couldn't make out the details I was dialogue about. At this aspiration is was about at an principal to our stance.

This mortal cannot or drive not scheme this growth.

This object remained on a directly and confident wander for the tenure.

Approximate size: C130 aircraft ( fuselage definite )

Approximate echelon aspect diagrammatic conditions: 1500 - 4000 ft. AGL

Approximate speed: 300 - 500 kts

Appearance: cylinder, hoary. No wings, no tail wheel, no propulsion trustworthy,

no rotor and no propeller discernible. Mid reel it had what appeared to be windows or clear type of black banding.

Shrewdness by this witness: Based on that fact that this can be a high progress area,I conceive that symbols else in the outline area would aspiration to see or defect what I witnessed/saw. Unless I ran unadulterated answer like a veal moreover my head cut off.

At what time all my go of burden about these kinda hit I am intensely mislaid.

End report.

* * *

Censure FROM A COLLEAGUE: I influence to tip my army knowledgeable beret to this get the message, who is effortlessly a elegant in the aviation steady and requirement unquestionably be introduced to the difference in the company of ours, theirs and others.

Mr. Unknown, thank you for one of the best complete UFO interpretation in go.

-Roi

"I second that. -SW"

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Ufo Sighting In London Kentucky On July 18Th 2008 It Was So Small To Me It Was So Far Up In The Sky At Night

it was mid July and we had had a practice out for the unassailable specialty. Me,my 2 sisters,my dad, and my step mom wherever out on the confirm colonnade after the practice out and i was looking up at the stars and so something caugt my eye it look for instance a acute star it was very high in the sky it was miraculous so very instant in all sorts of party commands for instance it was drawing something in the crystal clear night sky it was plunder very tartlet turns reach impossile for a human to impel such tartlet turns so quickly..At first i held it ws a acute star but so i relized thar acute stars so in one blunt approach and didnt last thon at all this was a 15-20 min. prieod my dad alleged it was acute star to try not to overwhelm me but i knew he that he knew that it wasnt tht subsequently moring i look up ufo scitings on google and i found numerous that looked total to what i saw the night befor. My baptize is billy and i go to north laurel norm scholastic in london,KY(via MUFON.com) Spontaneous about: Clairvoyant Studies and UFO Homework. New to the job UFO Sightings - - -Any imitation, in fork or in unassailable, is forbidden exclusive of authentic of copyright state of affairs. Email Site Handing out for examination, explanation or questions.

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The Ways To Find Alien Life On Dying Planets

If life does exist anywhere else in the universe, it may only be fleeting. Now scientists are researching how signs of life might look on dying planets.

Astronomers have discovered hundreds of distant alien planets in the past two decades. Future missions could detect potential signs of life called biosignatures on those worlds, such as oxygen or methane in their atmospheres.

Astrobiologist Jack O'Malley-James at the University of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland and his colleagues noted that biosignatures of life on Earth have not remained the same over time, but have altered considerably over its history. This led the researchers to speculate about how Earth and other planets might look in the future.Comparison of the Sun today and in the future.

Credit: User:Mysid, User:Mrsanitazier

"Astrobiology as a field seems to put a lot more focus on the origins of life and how to find life beyond Earth, but less emphasis is put on the end of life, which is what got me interested in finding out more about how biospheres on other planets might meet their ends, and by extension, how long we could expect to detect life on a habitable planet over the course of its habitable lifetime," said O'Malley-James, the lead author of the study.

The scientists were testing a computer model of theclimates and biospheres - the overall life - of possible exoplanets.

"That was when the idea came about to run this model forward in time to see when all water and all life would disappear from the planet," O'Malley-James said.A Yellowstone hot spring where thermophiles have been found. Such heat-loving bacteria may be the last type of life to survive on Earth.

Credit: C. House

The Sun is a middle-aged star, currently about 4.6 billion years old. In the later stages of its evolution, about 2 billion to 3 billion years from now, the Sun will grow much hotter, leading to much higher surface temperatures on the future Earth and thus far harsher environments for any last life to grow and survive on the planet.

The research team modeled the biosignature gases Earth's biosphere would generate up to 2.8 billion years from the present.

"The most exciting thing about these results is that they suggest that we could potentially detect the presence of life on a planet even at the very end of its habitable lifetime, when the diversity of life and population sizes are considerably reduced compared to what we see on Earth today," O'Malley-James toldAstrobiology Magazine.

The death of Earth's biosphere as it exists today would start with plants dying off. Rising temperatures cause silicon-loaded rocks known as silicates to wear away, increasing their absorption of carbon dioxide. The resulting drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which plants need in order to generate energy from sunlight, would eventually bring an end to the age of plants.

The extinction of plants would both curtail atmospheric oxygen levels and remove the primary source of food from most ecosystems, leading to the simultaneous extinction of animals, from large vertebrates to smaller ones, with invertebrates having the longest stay of execution. All in all, the researchers calculated Earth's surface would become largely uninhabitable between 1.2 billion and 1.85 billion years from the present.

Alien Planet Quiz: Are You an Exoplanet Expert?Astronomers have confirmed more than 800 planets beyond our own solar system, and the discoveries keep rolling in. How much do you know about these exotic worlds?

Still, life is hardy, so microbes could last for much longer than more complex organisms on a dying Earth. After the extinction of plants and animals, the scientists reasoned the planet's future biosphere will be much like its early biosphere in consisting mainly of single-celled microbes. Without plants to help generate oxygen, atmospheric oxygen would eventually reach negligible levels, triggering a relatively quick shift - within a few million years - toward microbes that can survive without oxygen. The final survivors of Earth could persist either in caves, deep underground, or in relatively cool refuges at high altitudes until roughly 2.8 billion years from now, when the Sun will probably make the planet too hot for astronomers to detect any life from a distance.

The scientists calculated the extinction of higher plants would lower atmospheric oxygen and ozone levels to concentrations undetectable by astronomers by about 1.11 billion years from now. Still, this drop in oxygen could mean levels of the volatile compound isoprene could build up in the air, potentially serving as a biosignature until plants go extinct. Isoprene is a biological substance that normally has a very short lifetime in the atmosphere, since it quickly reacts with oxygen.Arid Mars could serve as a model of a planet at the end of its life.

Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)

The death of plants and animals would also generate large amounts of decaying matter that would release compounds such as methanethiol into the atmosphere. This gas is only known to come from biological sources - although sunlight rapidly breaks this gas down, the resulting gas, ethane, could serve as a potential biosignature until all plants and animals go extinct.

Methane could also be a biomarker when all otherbiomarker gases become undetectable in a dying planet's atmosphere. In fact, far-future levels of methane in Earth's atmosphere could be 10 times higher than the present - methane-producing bacteria get more of the carbon dioxide they need as fuel because plants are no longer there to remove the carbon dioxide. Still, the researchers caution life is not the only source of methane - volcanoes and chemical reactions involving volcanic rocks can generate the gas as well.

The scientists also conjecture that clouds might serve as homes to potential biosignatures on a dying planet. Once the planet's surface becomes too hot to live, microbes could find refuge in the clouds - microorganisms are known to exist in Earth's atmosphere today, although it remains uncertain whether they are just passing through before falling back down or whether they actively live in the sky. Airborne microorganisms could help generate unexpectedly large cloud droplets in the atmospheres of arid planets, the researchers say. In addition, vegetation could serve as a detectable biosignature until higher plants go extinct - leaves cause a red edge to appear in the spectrum of light reflected off Earth.

One major confounding factor into how a dying alien planet might look could be the influence of extraterrestrial intelligence.

"Intelligent life is difficult to factor in when making these kind of predictions," O'Malley-James said. "It's certainly possible that intelligent life could play a role in mitigating these changes to the far-future environment, perhaps by some form of geoengineering [artificial changes to the land, sea or air], or even moving the planet out to orbit in a cooler position. Predicting what that would do to a planet's biosignatures would be quite a challenge, but it may simply make the planet's biosphere appear younger than we would expect given the age of the planet."

All in all, when astronomers start finding habitable-zone planets circling older stars, "it will be useful to know if we could expect to see any signs of life and, if we can, what signatures that life might leave for us to detect, because the biosphere on a dying planet would be very different to the life we are familiar with on Earth today," O'Malley-James said.

The next step with this avenue of research is to start applying it to real examples astronomers have discovered of older, habitable-zone planets around Sun-like stars, O'Malley-James said. "There are not very many of these yet, so this may involve some modeling of theoretical planets around chosen nearby examples of older stars," he noted. "It's likely that these worlds would not be nice exact copies of Earth, so this may impact the timeline of events that lead up to the end of life on that particular planet."

O'Malley-James is also investigating whether Mars could serve as a template for an alien planet that has reached the end of its habitable lifetime - "in this case, by becoming cold and dry," he said. The researchers would adapt their existing computer model "to simulate Mars and populate all the potentially habitable regions on the planet with microbes that could live there, with the aim of adding to the suite of possible biosignatures for dying biospheres."

O'Malley-James and his colleagues detailed their findings in the International Journal of Astrobiology.

"This story was provided by "Astrobiology Magazine", a web-based publication sponsored by the NASA "astrobiology program"."

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Majestic 12 Secret Alien Government Founded In 1947

The existence is denied by the government of the Related States, signifying that it is in the documents to provethe existence of Majestic-12 in order to "ignorant forgeries" the chief. The FBI investigated how one may well getthe Top Concealed documents to the customary. The investigation was ended, however, came out as that the document never sincerely existed. The document in smidgen disperse furthest on the Internet, through on the website of the FBI, where the designed examine is renowned. It deals bearing in mind the investigation and disguise of a crash of an alien spaceship in addition to the Air Control, and the adopted regional world of the object.The authorize were evidently Vannevar Bush, Robert Oppenheimer and A. Einstein, the members wereJames V. Forrestal evidently, Edward Supplier, and the chairman of the Native Extremity Native Nathan F.Twining. The members of this conspiracy theory accurate that the Majestic-12 operations are not absolute to the U.S., but also the People's Republic of Ceramic and Russia, and finds that are traded betweenalien technology secret agencies of these countries. They accurate that MJ-12 lazy exists, and (credibly bearing in mind the benefit from of alien) energetic towards the feat of world demand.The believed members of the first Majestic-12 authorize are:MJ-1: Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter. 1947-1950 Controller of the U.S. Principal Heed and the first regulator of the CIA.Sensitivity of MJ-12 group.MJ-2: Dr. Vannevar Bush. Chairman of the On a national scale Argument for Look into and Help, Office of Look into and Development in the field of the Jiffy Manufacture War, until 1941, Chairman of the NACA, 1945-1948 Chairman of the Related Congregation for Look into and Development. Inquiries of extraterrestrial technology. MJ-3: James Forrestal. 1945-1947 Secretary of the Navy, first Secretary of Help of the Related States 1947-1949.War technique of MJ-12. MJ-4: Native Nathan F. Twining. Take charge of the Air-material of the U.S. Air force Air Services and latter U.S. Air Control, the function of the Air Technical Heed at Wright Flex.Head of the liberate and investigation of alien ships.MJ-5 gene. Hoyt Vandenberg. Key of Air force Heed in the Jiffy Manufacture War. 1946-1947 Information Controller, 1947 Air Key of Extremity, 1947-1953 Key of Extremity, U.S. Air Control. Securing the airspace and detect extraterrestrial spaceships. MJ-6: Dr. Detlev W. Bronk. Builder of the science of biophysics. 1946-1950 Chairman of the On a national scale Look into Congregation, 1950-1962 Be in charge of the On a national scale Campus of Sciences, dean of the Johns Hopkins Assistant professor, Be in charge of the Rockefeller Leave. Inquiries of EBES, technique of biology. MJ-7: Dr. Jerome Hunsaker. Principal the U.S. aeronautics, diligence design and construction at the war's first aircraft in the U.S., 1921 Aero-nautical design pioneer 1933-51 Controller of the MIT courses for sure.and Aeronautical Engineering, 1941 Look into Coordinator, 1941-1958 Point of NACA. Order of the complex measure of extraterrestrial spaceships. MJ-8: Admiral Sidney Souers. At first Principal Heed Controller of the Related States, 1947-1950 first Bureaucrat Secretary of the On a national scale Swear an oath Congregation, Be in charge Truman's special guru on excuse issues.Order of national excuse issues in the MJ-12. MJ-9: Gordon Grayish. 1947-1949 Shortcoming Help Member of the clergy after Be in charge Truman's special guru on matters of national excuse, Be in charge of the Congregation of the super-secret CIA psychological planning. Aufrecherhaltung tell stories and slowness of extraterrestrial engagements, (delude of UFO believers).MJ-10: Dr. Donald Menzel. 1939-1971 Educationalist of Astrophysics at Harvard Assistant professor, 1946-1949 Head of the Astronomy Subject, UFO opponents and sensitive MJ-12 portion, wrote numerous books against the existence of extraterrestrials.Raw sciences, decryption and cryptanalysis expert.MJ-11: Dr. V. Berkner LIoyd. Geophysicists, 1946-1947 under Prof. V. Bush Bureaucrat Secretary of the Congregation for Look into and Development, Chairman of the Special Responsibility for weapons systems (radar and children warning), cure bearing in mind radio side over long-distance proliferation and electro-magnetism. Help and defense planning against "secret" intruders.MJ-12 gene. Robert Montague. 1947-1951 Take charge of the AEC glibness at Sandia Edge New Mexico (also Iced Sands).Bond bearing in mind the MJ-12 to the AEC, Minuscule Vigor Argument. lunar truthmoon landingNovelaliensnibiruend of the worlddoomsdayjudgement day

Reference: we-are-believe.blogspot.com

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